A) overfilling with blood during each cardiac cycle.
B) pumping less blood than normal to the lungs.
C) pumping more blood than normal to the lungs.
D) pushing more blood than normal out to the systemic circuit.
E) pushing less blood than normal out to the systemic circuit.
G) A) and B)
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A) by the pumping action of multiple four-chambered hearts.
B) by peristaltic waves generated by contraction of muscular blood vessels.
C) using an open circulatory system.
D) using one centrally located heart.
E) through the heart,to the lungs,back to the heart,and out to the systemic tissues.
G) A) and C)
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A) one complete;two complete
B) two complete;two partial
C) one partial;two complete
D) two complete;four complete
E) four complete;one partial
G) B) and D)
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A) a four-chambered heart.
B) heart metamorphosis.
C) a partial separation between breathing-organ and systemic circulation.
D) a pocket of the gut that serves as an air bladder.
E) a separation between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
G) B) and D)
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A) Gravity,for veins that are above the heart
B) Contraction of skeletal muscles
C) Breathing
D) Contraction of smooth muscle in most veins of the body
E) Valves in veins
G) A) and C)
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A) In fish,oxygenated blood from the gills returns to the heart through the left atrium.
B) In amphibians,blood from the systemic tissues enters the heart through the right atrium.
C) In reptiles,the blood in the pulmonary artery has a lower oxygen content than the blood in the aorta.
D) In birds,the pressure in the aorta is higher than the pressure in the pulmonary artery.
E) In mammals,deoxygenated blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary artery.
G) A) and B)
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A) arteries.
B) arterioles.
C) capillaries.
D) veins.
E) venules.
G) None of the above
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A) Atriventricular node
B) Sinoatrial node
C) Aorta
D) Pulmonary valve
E) Common carotid artery
G) None of the above
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A) oxygen-rich blood mixing with oxygen-depleted blood.
B) increased pulmonary flow.
C) venous gas exchange within the heart chambers.
D) atrial exchange of excess blood.
E) some blood flowing back into the atrium with each heartbeat.
G) A) and B)
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A) there is no heart.
B) blood does not pass through the gills.
C) there are no blood vessels.
D) hemolymph flows out of the body.
E) there is no distinction between hemolymph and interstitial fluid.
G) B) and D)
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A) tuna.
B) lizard.
C) primate.
D) eagle.
E) crayfish.
G) None of the above
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A) is often correlated with a species' need for gas transport.
B) is often correlated with a species' need for food transport.
C) is not correlated with any metabolic functions.
D) varies depending on the current environment conditions an organism lives in.
E) depends on the amount of CO2 in the lungs.
G) B) and C)
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A) are both used by vertebrates to transport O2.
B) both have iron-containing proteins.
C) are blue when oxygen levels are low and red when oxygen levels are high.
D) are found inside blood cells.
E) both transport oxygen.
G) A) and E)
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A) transports oxygen to the lungs.
B) transports oxygen to the brain.
C) exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen in the lungs.
D) carries food waste away from the heart.
E) removes waste from the heart.
G) All of the above
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A) CO2 reacts with water in the blood to form bicarbonate ions.
B) Bicarbonate interacts with water to produce CO2.
C) O2 binds with the CO2 to produce bicarbonate ions.
D) Hemoglobin binds the CO2 to produce bicarbonate ions.
E) Hemocyanin and hemoglobin bind CO2 and O2 to form copper.
G) C) and D)
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A) Blood pressure is very low in veins,necessitating one-way valves to prevent backflow.
B) Contractions of skeletal muscles squeeze the veins,which move blood to the heart.
C) The walls of veins are more expandable than the walls of arteries.
D) Veins serve as a blood reservoir.
E) As blood flows from the capillaries to the veins and back to the heart,the linear velocity slows to almost zero.
G) A) and C)
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A) Fish
B) Lungfish
C) Amphibian
D) Cheetah
E) Bird
G) C) and E)
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A) gravity.
B) the contraction of venous walls.
C) cilia lining the veins.
D) the contraction of nearby skeletal muscles.
E) venous capacitance.
G) B) and E)
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A) pumps only oxygenated blood.
B) pumps only oxygen-depleted blood.
C) pumps both oxygenated and oxygen-depleted blood.
D) has a completely divided ventricle to prevent mixing of oxygenated and oxygen-depleted blood.
E) is a single circulatory loop system.
G) B) and D)
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A) in the arteries.
B) in the arterioles.
C) in the capillaries.
D) in the venules.
E) directly.
G) B) and E)
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