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In the 1830s,the Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville wrote that the "principle of ________" was nowhere more evident than in America.


A) hard work
B) separation of church and state
C) association
D) citizenship
E) statesmanship

F) All of the above
G) B) and D)

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Political scientist Theodore Lowi has questioned pluralist theory by suggesting that


A) special interests should never receive benefits from government.
B) there is no concept of the public interest in a system that gives special interests the ability to determine the policies affecting them.
C) policies that favor a series of minorities are inherently fairer than policies that ignore small groups in favor of a majority.
D) the sum of people's special interests is a rough approximation of society's collective interest.
E) Madisonian theory has created a perfect balance of special interest and common good.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

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In recent decades,lobbyists in Washington,D.C.,have increasingly


A) targeted the executive branch in their efforts to influence policy decisions.
B) relied on coercive tactics,such as threats of withdrawing election support.
C) worked to defeat incumbent members of Congress in order to replace them with members who would be more supportive.
D) relied exclusively on inside lobbying as the means of achieving their policy goals.
E) ignored the judicial branch as a means of influencing policy decisions.

F) A) and D)
G) A) and E)

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An informal grouping of officials,lobbyists,and policy specialists who come together temporarily around a policy problem is a(n)


A) iron triangle.
B) issue network.
C) caucus.
D) policy system.
E) ideological network.

F) B) and D)
G) D) and E)

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Which of the following organizations is NOT an example of a single-issue group?


A) Sierra Club
B) National Rifle Association
C) a climate change group
D) a right-to-life group
E) American Conservative Union

F) All of the above
G) C) and D)

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