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Which of the following is not a primary factor regarding sample size?


A) Descriptive research typically utilizes larger samples than experimental research.
B) Sampling error is inversely related to sample size.
C) Random sampling produces a high sampling error.
D) Sample size should increase as variability within the population increases.

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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A well-designed study with a high degree of generalizability is likely to have used which of the following sampling techniques?


A) Simple random sampling
B) Convenience sampling
C) Nonprobability sampling
D) Purposive sampling

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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What is the definition of data saturation?


A) New ideas are brought up in interviews.
B) New ideas are found in document reviews.
C) Studying one participant for a long period of time.
D) No new ideas are being generated from interviews and documents.

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Which of the following best describes samples in quantitative studies?


A) Sample size provides adequate power to show statistically significant differences.
B) Studying a smaller group over a longer period of time.
C) Studying a smaller group for a shorter period of time.
D) Studying a larger group.

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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Random processes are important to the quality of research primarily because of which of the following reasons?


A) They make certain the population is appropriate for the study.
B) They are the ethical procedure to follow.
C) They assure the representativeness of the sample.
D) They protect against unintended consequences.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following is not a type of purposive sampling?


A) Extreme case
B) Typical
C) Convenience
D) Maximum variation

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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C

Which term refers to an entire group or aggregate of people or elements?


A) Sampling frame
B) Population
C) Cluster
D) Random sample

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

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All of the following factors are major considerations in recruiting participants, except:


A) participants need to be available for the duration of the study.
B) 20 percent of the population should be selected.
C) adequate numbers of participants are needed to show the reliability of the results.
D) recruitment allows for some participant mortality.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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B

A type of probability sampling in which the sampling unit is a naturally occurring group of members of the population is:


A) cluster sampling.
B) stratified random sampling.
C) systematic sampling.
D) simple random sampling.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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Sampling error refers to which of the following?


A) Nonrandom variations that may occur in the sampling process
B) Random variations that may occur in the sampling process
C) The measure of the magnitude of generalizability of the sample
D) The researcher performed mistakes in the sampling process

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Which of the following definitions best describes statistical power?


A) The sample size determines the statistical power of a test.
B) The probability that the test will reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
C) The probability that the test will reject the null hypothesis when it is true.
D) A test that can detect even small differences.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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B

Which of the following is a characteristic of simple random sampling?


A) The sampling frame is equivalent to the population.
B) Random errors are minimized.
C) Every element has an equal chance of being selected.
D) Sampling error is eliminated through simple random sampling.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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Which of the definitions best describes the sampling frame?


A) The sample is representative of the population in which the characteristics are being studied.
B) The accessible population.
C) To select a sample from a population.
D) A sample of a larger group.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Which of the following definitions best describes a representative sample?


A) The sample is the accessible population.
B) The sample is an equivalent group.
C) The sample is representative of the population in which the characteristics are being studied.
D) The sample is of a larger group.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Which of the following best describes samples in qualitative studies?


A) Optimal sample size provides adequate power to show statistically significant differences.
B) Studying a smaller group over a longer period of time.
C) Studying a smaller group for a shorter period of time.
D) Studying a larger group.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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