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Exam 5: Groups and Organizations

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Question 31

Multiple Choice

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A(n) __________ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

A) ​social group
B) ​operational group
C) ​reference group
D) ​instrumental group

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Question 32

Multiple Choice

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__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and when harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed.

A) ​Expressive
B) ​Transitional
C) ​Relational
D) ​Instrumental

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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Question 33

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From a __________ perspective, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs.

People do not voluntarily become members of coercive organizations.

One of the most important characteristics of a group is its size.

Sociologists refer to the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group as __________.

It is possible that people will accept the values of a reference group more than the values of the groups of which they are members.

Which of these is not likely to constitute a reference group for a person who strongly believes in the value of human rights and equal opportunity?​

The ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber, include an emphasis on____________________________.

In 2010, concern about cost over-runs and staying on schedule kept executives of BP, Halliburton, and Transocean from sharing information and concerns with each other. The result was a shared assumption of safety that ultimately resulted in the explosion of a BP oil rig and an unprecedented environmental disaster. The failure to express concerns and confront potential risk is an example of __________.

__________ is the term for compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority.

Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of a __________.

The "grapevine" spreads information (with varying degrees of accuracy) much faster than do official channels of communication, which tend to be slow and unresponsive. Within a bureaucracy, the "grapevine" is an example of __________.

Sociologists are in agreement that virtual communities-that is online communities of various types-fit the sociological definition of a community.

Weber's theory did not account for the informal side of bureaucracy.

Which of these terms does not fit with the concept of ingroup as well as the others?

In the United States there is little support for authoritarian leadership.

A dozen inexperienced backpackers are preparing to settle in for the night when they realize that someone in the group is missing. The __________ style of leadership would be most effective in this situation.

The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __________.

Gender and racial/ethnic inequalities tend to be perpetuated in bureaucracies.